Limitations of Use:

VAPRISOL has not been shown to be effective for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of heart failure and is not approved for this indication.

It has not been established that raising serum sodium with VAPRISOL provides a symptomatic benefit to patients.

2.1 General Dosing Information

VAPRISOL is for intravenous use only.

VAPRISOL is for use in hospitalized patients only.

Administer VAPRISOL through large veins and change of the infusion site every 24 hours to minimize the risk of vascular irritation [see Warnings and Precaution (5.4)].

Initiate with a loading dose of 20 mg VAPRISOL administered intravenously over 30 minutes.

Follow the loading dose with 20 mg VAPRISOL administered in a continuous intravenous infusion over 24 hours. After the initial day of treatment, administer VAPRISOL for an additional 1 to 3 days in a continuous infusion of 20 mg/day. If serum sodium is not rising at the desired rate, VAPRISOL may be titrated upward to a maximum dose of 40 mg daily, administered in a continuous intravenous infusion over 24 hours.

The total duration of infusion of VAPRISOL (after the loading dose) should not exceed four days.

Patients receiving VAPRISOL must have frequent monitoring of serum sodium and volume status [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.3)].

2.2 Preparation, Compatibility and Stability

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. If particulate matter, discoloration or cloudiness is observed, the drug solution should not be used.

VAPRISOL is supplied ready-to-use; no further dilution of this preparation is necessary.

VAPRISOL is compatible with 5% Dextrose Injection. VAPRISOL is physically and chemically compatible with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection for up to 48 hours when the two solutions are co-administered via a Y-site connection at a flow rate for VAPRISOL of 4.2 mL/hour and at flow rates for 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection of either 2.1 mL/hour or 6.3 mL/hour.

VAPRISOL is incompatible with both Lactated Ringer's Injection and furosemide injection when these products are mixed in the same container; therefore, do not combine VAPRISOL with these products in the same intravenous line or container.

Do not combine VAPRISOL with any other product in the same intravenous line or container.

Do not use plastic containers in series connections. Such use could result in air embolism due to residual air being drawn from the primary container before administration of the fluid from the secondary container is completed.

Do not remove container from overwrap until ready for use. The overwrap is a moisture and light barrier. The inner container maintains the sterility of the product.

Tear overwrap down side at slit and remove solution container. Some opacity of the plastic due to moisture absorption during the sterilization process may be observed. This is normal and does not affect the solution quality or safety. The opacity will diminish gradually. After removing overwrap, check for minute leaks by squeezing inner container firmly. If leaks are found, discard solution as sterility may be impaired. Do not use if the solution is cloudy or a precipitate is present.

Preparation for Administration:

1. Suspend container from eyelet support.
2. Remove protector from outlet port at bottom of container.
3. Attach administration set. Refer to complete directions accompanying set.

2.3 Hepatic Impairment

In patients with moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) and severe (Child-Pugh Class C) hepatic impairment, initiate VAPRISOL with a loading dose of 10 mg over 30 minutes followed by 10 mg per day as a continuous infusion for 2 to 4 days. If serum sodium is not rising at the desired rate, VAPRISOL may be titrated upward to 20 mg per day [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

4.1 Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

VAPRISOL is contraindicated in patients with hypovolemic hyponatremia.

4.2 Coadministration with Potent CYP3A Inhibitors

The coadministration of VAPRISOL with potent CYP3A inhibitors, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, ritonavir, and indinavir, is contraindicated [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].

4.3 Anuric Patients

In patients unable to make urine, no benefit can be expected [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

5.1 Hyponatremia Associated with Heart Failure

The amount of safety data on the use of VAPRISOL in patients with hypervolemic hyponatremia associated with heart failure is limited. VAPRISOL should be used to raise serum sodium in such patients only after consideration of other treatment options [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.2 Overly Rapid Correction of Serum Sodium

Osmotic demyelination syndrome is a risk associated with overly rapid correction of hyponatremia (i.e., > 12 mEq/L/24 hours). Osmotic demyelination results in dysarthria, mutism, dysphagia, lethargy, affective changes, spastic quadriparesis, seizures, coma or death. In susceptible patients, including those with severe malnutrition, alcoholism or advanced liver disease, use slower rates of correction. In controlled clinical trials of VAPRISOL, about 9% of patients who received VAPRISOL in doses of 20-40 mg/day IV had rises of serum sodium >12 mEq/L/24 hours, but none of these patients had evidence of osmotic demyelination or permanent neurologic sequelae. Serum sodium concentration and neurologic status should be monitored appropriately during VAPRISOL administration, and VAPRISOL administration should be discontinued if the patient develops an undesirably rapid rate of rise of serum sodium. If the serum sodium concentration continues to rise, VAPRISOL should not be resumed. If hyponatremia persists or recurs (after initial discontinuation of VAPRISOL for an undesirably rapid rate of rise of serum sodium concentration), and the patient has had no evidence of neurologic sequelae of rapid rise in serum sodium, VAPRISOL may be resumed at a reduced dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].

5.3 Hypovolemia or Hypotension

For patients who develop hypovolemia or hypotension while receiving VAPRISOL, VAPRISOL should be discontinued, and volume status and vital signs should be frequently monitored. Once the patient is again euvolemic and is no longer hypotensive, VAPRISOL may be resumed at a reduced dose if the patient remains hyponatremic.

5.4 Infusion Site Reactions

Infusion site reactions are common and can include serious reactions, even with proper infusion rates [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Administer VAPRISOL via large veins, and rotate the infusion site every 24 hours [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reactions rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The adverse event information from clinical trials does, however, provide a basis for identifying the adverse events that appear to be related to drug use and for approximating rates.

The most common adverse reactions reported with VAPRISOL administration were infusion site reactions. In studies in patients and healthy volunteers, infusion site reactions occurred in 73% and 63% of subjects treated with VAPRISOL 20 mg/day and 40 mg/day, respectively, compared to 4% in the placebo group. Infusion site reactions were the most common type of adverse event leading to discontinuation of VAPRISOL. Discontinuations from treatment due to infusion site reactions were more common among VAPRISOL-treated patients (3%) than among placebo-treated patients (0%). Some serious infusion site reactions did occur [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) and Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

The adverse reactions presented in Table 1 are derived from 72 healthy volunteers and 243 patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia who received VAPRISOL 20 mg IV as a loading dose followed by 40 mg/day IV for 2 to 4 days, from 37 patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia who received VAPRISOL 20 mg IV as a loading dose followed by 20 mg/day IV for 2 to 4 days in an open-label study, and from 40 healthy volunteers and 29 patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia who received placebo. The adverse reactions occurred in at least 5% of patients treated with VAPRISOL and at a higher incidence for VAPRISOL-treated patients than for placebo-treated patients.

Although a dose of 80 mg/day of VAPRISOL was also studied, it was associated with a higher incidence of infusion site reactions and a higher rate of discontinuation for adverse events than was the 40 mg/day VAPRISOL dose. The maximum recommended daily dose of VAPRISOL (after the loading dose) is 40 mg/day.

7.1 CYP3A Inhibitors and Substrates

Conivaptan is a sensitive substrate of CYP3A. Coadministration with strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g. ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, ritonavir and indinavir) increases conivaptan exposure and is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Coadministration with CYP3A substrates results in increased exposure of the other drug. Avoid concomitant use with drugs eliminated primarily by CYP3A-mediated metabolism. Subsequent treatment with CYP3A substrates may be initiated no sooner than 1 week after the infusion of VAPRISOL is completed [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

7.2 Digoxin

Coadministration of digoxin with oral conivaptan resulted in a 1.8- and 1.4-fold increase in digoxin Cmax and AUC, respectively. Monitor digoxin levels.

8.1 Pregnancy

8.2 Lactation

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

In clinical studies of VAPRISOL administered as a 20 mg IV loading dose followed by 20 mg/day or 40 mg/day IV for 2 to 4 days, 89% (20 mg/day regimen) and 60% (40 mg/day regimen) of participants were greater than or equal to 65 years of age and 60% (20 mg/day regimen) and 40% (40 mg/day regimen) were greater than or equal to 75 years of age. In general, the adverse event profile in elderly patients was similar to that seen in the general study population.

8.6 Use in Patients with Hepatic Impairment

No clinically relevant increase in exposure was observed in subjects with mild hepatic impairment; therefore no dose adjustment of VAPRISOL is necessary. The systemic exposure to unbound conivaptan doubled in subjects with moderate and severe hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

8.7 Use in Patients with Renal Impairment

No clinically relevant increase in exposure was observed in subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment (CLcr 30 – 80 mL/min). No dose adjustment of VAPRISOL is necessary.

Because of the high incidence of infusion site phlebitis (which can reduce vascular access sites) and unlikely benefit, use in patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr<30 mL/min) is not recommended [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Conivaptan hydrochloride is a dual arginine vasopressin (AVP) antagonist with nanomolar affinity for human V1A and V2 receptors in vitro. The level of AVP in circulating blood is critical for the regulation of water and electrolyte balance and is usually elevated in both euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. The AVP effect is mediated through V2 receptors, which are functionally coupled to aquaporin channels in the apical membrane of the collecting ducts of the kidney. These receptors help to maintain plasma osmolality within the normal range. The predominant pharmacodynamic effect of conivaptan hydrochloride in the treatment of hyponatremia is through its V2 antagonism of AVP in the renal collecting ducts, an effect that results in aquaresis, or excretion of free water.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of conivaptan hydrochloride include increased free water excretion (i.e., effective water clearance [EWC]) generally accompanied by increased net fluid loss, increased urine output, and decreased urine osmolality. Studies in animal models of hyponatremia showed that conivaptan hydrochloride prevented the occurrence of hyponatremia-related physical signs in rats with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of conivaptan have been characterized in healthy subjects, specific populations and patients following both oral and intravenous dosing regimens. The pharmacokinetics of conivaptan following intravenous infusion (40 mg/day to 80 mg/day) and oral administration are non-linear, and inhibition by conivaptan of its own metabolism seems to be the major factor for the non-linearity. The intersubject variability of conivaptan pharmacokinetics is high (94% CV in CL).

The pharmacokinetics of conivaptan and its metabolites were characterized in healthy male subjects administered conivaptan hydrochloride as a 20 mg loading dose (infused over 30 minutes) followed by a continuous infusion of 40 mg/day for 3 days. Mean Cmax for conivaptan was 619 ng/mL and occurred at the end of the loading dose. Plasma concentrations reached a minimum at approximately 12 hours after start of the loading dose, then gradually increased over the duration of the infusion to a mean concentration of 188 ng/mL at the end of the infusion. The mean terminal elimination half-life after conivaptan infusion was 5.0 hours, and the mean clearance was 253.3 mL/min.

In an open-label safety and efficacy study, the pharmacokinetics of conivaptan were characterized in hypervolemic or euvolemic hyponatremia patients (ages 20 - 92 years) receiving conivaptan hydrochloride as a 20 mg loading dose (infused over 30 minutes) followed by a continuous infusion of 20 or 40 mg/day for 4 days. The median-plasma conivaptan concentrations are shown in Figure 1. The median (range) elimination half-life was 5.3 (3.3 - 9.3) or 8.1 (4.1 - 22.5) hours in the 20 mg/day or 40 mg/day group, respectively, based on data from rich PK sampling.

Figure 1. Median Plasma Concentration-Time Profiles from Rich PK Sampling Post 20 mg Loading Dose and 20 mg/day (open circle) or 40 mg/day (closed circle) Infusion for 4 Days

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Standard lifetime (104 week) carcinogenicity bioassays were conducted in mice and rats. Male and female mice were given oral doses of conivaptan hydrochloride up to 30 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively, by gavage. Male and female rats were given oral doses of up to 10 mg/kg/day and 30 mg/kg/day, respectively, by gavage. There was no increased incidence of tumors associated with exposure to conivaptan in either species. The 30 mg/kg/day dosage regimen in male mice and female rats was shown to result in a systemic exposure (AUC) about twice the human systemic exposure from an IV bolus of 20 mg on day 1 followed by IV infusion of 40 mg/day for 3 days. The 10 mg/kg/day dosage regimen in female mice and male rats was shown to result in about one-fourth and one-half the human therapeutic exposure, respectively.

Conivaptan was not genotoxic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay, the in vitro human peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assay, or in vivo rat micronucleus assay.

Fertility of male rats treated with conivaptan hydrochloride by IV bolus doses of up to 2.5 mg/kg/day for the 4 weeks preceding mating and throughout the mating period was unaffected. However, when female rats were given IV bolus conivaptan from 15 days before mating through gestation day 7, there was prolonged diestrus, decreased fertility (decreased numbers of corpora lutea and implantations) and increased post-implantation loss at 2.5 mg/kg/day (systemic exposure less than human exposure at the therapeutic dose).

14.1 Hyponatremia

The effect on serum sodium of VAPRISOL was demonstrated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter study conducted in 84 patients with euvolemic (N=56) or hypervolemic (N=28) hyponatremia (serum sodium 115 -130 mEq/L) from a variety of underlying causes (malignant or nonmalignant diseases of the central nervous system, lung, or abdomen; congestive heart failure; hypertension; myocardial infarction; diabetes; osteoarthritis; or idiopathic). Study participants were randomized to receive either placebo IV (N=29), VAPRISOL 40 mg/day IV (N=29), or VAPRISOL 80 mg/day IV (N=26). Daily fluid intake was restricted to 2 liters. VAPRISOL or placebo was administered as a continuous infusion following a 30 minute IV loading dose on the first treatment day and patients were treated for 4 days. Serum or plasma sodium concentrations were assessed pre-dose (Hour 0) and at 4, 6, 10, and 24 hours post-dose on all treatment days.

Mean serum sodium concentration was 123.3 mEq/L at study entry. The mean change in serum sodium concentration from baseline over the 4-day treatment period is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Mean (SE) Change from Baseline in Sodium Concentrations with VAPRISOL 40 mg/day

Following treatment with 40 mg/day of VAPRISOL, the mean change from baseline in serum sodium concentration at the end of 2 days of treatment with VAPRISOL was 5.3 mEq/L (mean concentration 128.6 mEq/L). At the end of the 4-day treatment period, the mean change from baseline was 6.5 mEq/L (mean concentration 129.8 mEq/L). In addition, after 2 days and 4 days of treatment with VAPRISOL, 41% (after 2 days) and 69% (after 4 days) of patients achieved a ≥ 6 mEq/L increase in serum sodium concentration or a normal serum sodium of ≥ 135 mEq/L. Although 80 mg/day was also studied, it was not significantly more effective than 40 mg/day and was associated with a higher incidence of infusion site reactions and a higher rate of discontinuations for adverse events [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Additional efficacy data are summarized in Table 2.

The aquaretic effect of VAPRISOL is shown in Figure 3. VAPRISOL produced a baseline-corrected cumulative increase in effective water clearance of over 3800 mL compared to approximately 1300 mL with placebo by Day 4.

Figure 3. Baseline-Corrected Mean (SE) Cumulative Effective Water Clearance (EWC)

, where V is urine volume (mL/d), UNa is urine sodium concentration, UK is urine potassium concentration, PNa is plasma/serum sodium concentration, and PK is plasma/serum potassium concentration.

The effect on serum sodium of VAPRISOL (administered as a 20 or 40 mg/day IV continuous infusion for 4 days following a 30 minute IV infusion of a 20 mg loading dose on the first treatment day) was also evaluated in an open-label study of 251 patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. The results are shown in Table 3.

14.2 Heart Failure

The effectiveness of VAPRISOL for the treatment of congestive heart failure has not been established. In 10 Phase 2/pilot heart failure studies, VAPRISOL did not show statistically significant improvement for heart failure outcomes, including such measures as length of hospital stay, changes in categorized physical findings of heart failure, change in ejection fraction, change in exercise tolerance, change in functional status, or change in heart failure symptoms, compared to placebo. In these studies, the changes in the physical findings and heart failure symptoms were no worse in the VAPRISOL-treated group (N=818) compared to the placebo group (N=290) [see Indications and Usage (1)].

Lactation

Advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with VAPRISOL [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].

Marketed by:
Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Nashville TN 37203

VAPRISOL is a registered trademark of Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc.
INTRAVIA is a registered trademark of Baxter International Inc.

US Patent Number 5,723,606

07-19-73-925